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BULLETIN NO. 1 



MUSEUM AND LIBRARY 

of the 

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 

of 

NORTH DAKOTA 



BISMARCK. NORTH DAKOTA 
1917 




B.\- I^eoTiant Orunelle 



BULLETIN NO. 



MUSEUM AND LIBRARY 

of the 

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 

of 
NORTH DAKOTA 



BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA 



1917 






Officers 

Melvin R. Gilmore, Ph. D., Curator 

Georgia B. Carpenter, Librarian 

Mrs. M. H. Jewell, Assistant 

Hours 

Daily except Sunday and Holidays 

9 A. M. to 12 

1:30 to 5 P. M. 

Open at other times by special arrangement 

Location 

West wing of State Capivol 
Telephone No. 416 



©CI..A453741 
Copyrighted 1917 

JAN 221917 



State Historical Society 

of 

North Dakota 



The fuactions of the museum and library of the State Historical So- 
ciety are to collect, preserve, and make available for public instruction all 
possible material, whether in the form of documents, relics, pictures, or 
other objects which may have any bearing on the subject of archaeology, 
history or ethnology. At the last session of the Legislature an earlier 
law was reenacted which fixed the status of the State Historical Society 
and provided for its management. The following extract from this law 
is sufficient to indicate the general scope of its provisions: 

"The State Historical Society of North Dakota shall be the trustee 
of the state, and as such shall faithfully expend and apply all money re- 
ceived from the state to the uses and purposes directed by law, and shall 
hold all its present and future collections and property for the state, and 
shall not sell, mortgage, transfer or dispose of in any manner, or re- 
move from the historical rooms in the capitol at Bismarck, any article 
therein without authority of law; provided, this article shall not prevent 
the sale or exchange of any duplicates that the society may have or 
obtain; and provided, that the secretary of the said society shall have 
power to withdraw for temporary use such of the collections as shall be 
needed for the compilation and editing of the publications of the so- 
ciety, and that such of the collections as may be needed for exhibition 
purposes may be withdrawn for that purpose by the authority of the 
board of directors. The governor, auditor, secretary of state, commis- 
sioner of agriculture and labor, and superintendent of public instruc- 
tion shall be ex officio members of the board of directors of said society, 
and shall take care that the interests of the state are protected." 

The museum is in addition organized to carry on original research 
in the field. The State Historical Society aims to serve the public by 
publishing and distributing volumes of Collections, by public addresses 
and lectures, by answers to the questions of individual inquirers, and 
by directions as to further sources of information. 

In the developing of plans for a system of historical state parks. Dr. 
Gilmore is contributing many new and valuable ideas. It is his hope 
that we may have in this state local collections of the living plants and 
animals known and used from the earliest days by the Indians and the 
Spanish, French and English explorers and traders. Such living muse 



urns would be a source of unending interest to everyone and would at- 
tract attention from outside the state. These parks would become also 
community centers in the various sections and counties of the state and 
serve to develop local interest in the history of the state and its future 
progress along every line. 

The Museum 

Some of the noteworthy features of the museum are the following. 
We have recently installed a collection of exhibits showing something 
of the aboriginal agriculture and agricultural products of the Plains re 
gion of pre-Columbian time and their bearing on present-day agriculture 
of this country. Aboriginal agricultural tools and specimens of crops are 
shown. 

Models are shown of both the temporary and permanent dwellings of 
the tribes of this region. Articles illustrative of child life, such as cradles 
from various tribes, child clothing, children's toys and games are also 
to be seen. A very good serial exhibit of the aboriginal fine art of por- 
cupine quill embroidery is to be found here. 

Illustrative of methods of transportation in this region we have snow- 
shoes, dog-sledge, travois, skin-boat, and the birch-bark canoe of the 
eastern woodland region which borders on the eastern boundary of our 
state. Also we have a collection of framed photographs showing the 
evolution of transportation methods and facilities of this region from the 
Red River cart to the present day rolling-stock of the transcontinental 
railways. 

Of objects illustrative of the European immigration into the region 
we have a small cannon formerly in place at Ft. Berthold trading post, 
(see plate number 5) a spinning wheel, an ox-yoke, a boundary post 
from the international Canadian-American boundary line. Antique cop- 
per utensils, and Icelandic and Norwegian costumes are to be seen in our 
collection. 

The Earth-Lodge 

The earth-lodge was the style of house used by the American tribes 
dwelling along the Missouri River, including the Osage, Iowa, Kansa, 
Oto, Omaha, Pawnee, Ponka, Yankton,, Hunkpati, Mandan Hidatsa and 
Arikara. In order to its construction a circle of the desired diameter was 
stripped of the surface soil. Four tall, strong forked posts were set in the 
center about 8 or 10 feet apart. Beams were laid in these forks. Outside of 
the center posts a circle of shorter forked posts was set and beams laid 
in the forks. Rafters were laid from the upper to the lower beams. A 
wall of posts was leaned up against the lower beams. An opening was 
left at the east, and here was made a vestibule 6 to 14 feet long. 

Timbers were laid on the rafters, willows were laid on the timbers 
and a thatch of dry grass on these willow poles. On the thatch was 
laid a covering of sods and loose earth firmly tamped and 2 feet thick. 




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All structural timbers were fastened by tying with ropes of raw hide 
or of basswood or elm fiber. 

An opening was left at the top of the dome for a skylight and for 
the smoke to escape. The fireplace was at the center of the earth floor; 
the sleeping compartments were ranged round the wall. The altar was 
at the west, opposite the doorway. 

The diameter of the house was from 30 to 60 feet; the height from 
15 to 20 feet. This was a family domicile and not a community house. 
This was the style of house of the Missouri River tribes, used by them 
as a permanent dwelling. The tipi was used as a temporary and portable 
dwelling in traveling. 

The earth-lodge probably originated with tribes of the Caddoan 
stock, that is, Pawnee and Arikara, and was adopted by the Siouan tribes 
on their entrance into the Missouri River region, i 

The Pawnee had very elaborate ceremonies and traditions connected 
with the earth-lodge. The earlier star cult of the Pawnee is recognized 
in the signification attached to the four central posts. Each stood for a 
star — the Morning and Evening stars, symbols of the male and female 
cosmic forces, and the North and South stars. 

In the rituals of the Pawnee the earth-lodge is made typical of man's 
abode on the earth; the floor is the plain, the wall the horizon, the dome 
the arching sky, the central opening the zenith, dwelling-place of Tirawa, 
the invisible power which gives life to all created beings. 

In the poetic thought of the Pawnee the earth was regarded as 
Mother and was so called because from the earth's bounty mankind is fed. 
To their imagination the form of the earth-lodge suggests the figure of 
speech of these human dwellings as the breasts of Mother Earth, for here 
man is nourished and nurtured, he is fed and sheltered and blessed with 
the tendernesses of life. Here he knows love and warmth and gentleness. 

Below is given a metrical translation of an ancient Pawnee ritualistic 
hymn. This hymn is extracted from the ritual of a ceremonial of great 
age in the Pawnee nation, and there were similar ceremonials among all 
the tribes of the Plains area. The full ritual is to be found in the 22nd 
Ann. Rept. of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 2. 

Hymn to the Sun 
1 

Now behold; hither comes the ray of our father Sun; it cometh over all 
the land, passeth in the lodge, us to touch, and give us strength. 

II 
Now behold, where alights the ray of our father Sun; it touches lightly 
on the rim. the place above the fire, whence the smoke ascends on 
high. 

HI 
Now behold; softly creeps the ray of our father Sun; now o'er the rim 
it creeps to us. climbs down within the lodge; climbing down, it 
comes to us. 

1. See plates 1 and 2 for structure of earth-lodge and arrangement of 
lodges in a village. 



IV 

Now behold; nearer comes the raj' of our father Sun; it reaches now the 
floor and moves within the open space, walking there, the lodge about. 

V 
Now behold where has passed the ray of our father Sun; around the 
lodge the ray has passed and left its blessing there, touching us, 
each one of us. 

VI 
Now behold; softly climbs the ray of our father Sun; it upward climbs, 
and o'er the rim it passes from the place whence the sinoke ascends 
on high. 

VII 
Now behold on tiie hills the ray of our father Sun; it lingers there as 
loath to go, while all the plain is dark. Now has gone the ray from us. 

VIII 
Now behold; lost to us the ray of our father Sun; beyond our sight the 
ray has gone, returning to the place whence it came to bring us 
strength. 

Description of the TIPI 

The word "tipi" is the word in the Dakota language, from the root 
word ti "to dwell", and pi, "used for". This was the ordinary conical skin 
temporary dwelling of the Plains tribes, and the only form of dwelling of 
some of those living farther northwest. 

It commonly had about 20 poles averaging 25 feet in length. The 
poles were set firmly in the ground in a circle about 15 feet in diameter, 
held together above by a hide rope wound round the whole bunch about 
4 feet from the upper ends. Three poles were first tied together, then the 
others were laid in the forks of these, then the rope was passed around 
all of them and tied. The cover was of from 15 to 18 buflfalo hides cut 
and fitted so that when sewn together with sinew thread, they formed a 
single large sheet nearly semi-circular in shape. This was lifted into 
place by a special pole at the back of the structure, then the ends were 
brought around to the front and fastened by means of 8 or 10 small 
wooden pins at intervals from the door to the crossing of the poles. 
The bottom was kept in place by pegs about 2 feet apart around the 
circle. The doorway faced the east, the door being usually a piece of 
skin stretched over an elliptical frame. 

By means of movable flaps on each side of the smoke-hole the draft 
could be regulated as the winds shifted, the flaps being kept in place 
by 2 poles oustide of the tipi. The fire-pit was in the center of the tipi. 

The beds were at the sides and the back of the tipi. Decorated cur- 
tains above the beds kept off any drops of rain which might come through 
the -smoke-hole in rainy weather. The ground was the floor, the part 
near the beds sometimes cut off from the open space by a hedge of in- 
terwoven twigs. 

In warm weather the bottom of the tipi was raised to allow the 
breeze to pass through. In cold weather the bottom was banked with 



grass to keep out the wind. 

On account of its exact adaptability to prairie life, the tipi was taken 
as the model of the army tent which bears the name of Gen. Sibley, and 
is used now by our army. 

Toy Tipi 

(See Plate No. 3) 

Little girls of all the tribes of the region of the Great Plains where 
the Cottonwood tree grows made toy tipis of cottonwood leaves and set 
them in circles in their play, like the tribal circles. The leaf was torn a 
little down the midrib, then across the edges a little to turn back for the 
smoke-flaps, and then the edges were brought round and pinned with a 
splinter or thorn. 

Skis 

(See Plate No. 3) 

Swedish and Finnish models. Made from 4 feet up to 10 feet long, 
very narrow, always made of birch. Used more for practical traveling 
on the level over lakes, marshes and plains. Most graceful ski made, 
much handwork, individuality of patterns. Greater arch springs than 
Norwegian, also wider grooves on bottom, square grooves, Norwegian 
have round grooves. 

Norwegian Telemark pattern, most common in Norway, and in Alps. 
For hill climbing and coasting. Most common all over the world, in 
Alaska, etc. Preferably made of Norway ash or American hickory or fat 
Norway pine, % sawed. Adult size 754 feet to 7^ feet up to 8 feet. 
Measure taken by reaching to tip with tip of finger above the hand. Used 
with harness or only toe-strap. Arch-spring of 2 inches in 6 feet. Pre- 
ferably made from 2 inch stock. More narrow at middle than at ends. 
Holes mortised through middle for fastening. 

Toys 

(See Plate No. 4) 

A coasting sled made from buffalo ribs. Such sleds were commonly 
made by boys of all the tribes in the buffalo country wherever there was 
snow for coasting. 

Little boy's bow and arrows. Little boys among all the tribes in the 
Plains region played with bows and arrows like this. The arrow is made 
from a joint of the native grass (Andropogon scoparius) commonly call- 
ed Bluejoint or Bluestem. Note that a part of the blade is broken off, 
leaving a part for the plume of the arrow. 

Boy's top made from the tip of a buffalo horn. It is kept spinning 
by means of the whip made with a handle 18 to 24 inches long and two 
thongs about 8 inches long. It is said boys could keep it spinning for a 
half hour or more if they were persistent and skillful enough in whip- 
ping it. 

A child's buzzer. Children of the American tribes made buzzers of a 



bone on a sinew strung just as white children employ a button and string 
for the like purpose. A stick fastened at each end for a handle. It will 
be noted that some fond mother has given time and energy to decorate 
this toy with porcupine quills for the delight of her darling. See drawing 
for method of use. 

Sitting Bear's Suit 

Porcupine quill embroidered buckskin suit of Sitting Bear last chief 
of the Arikara tribe of North Dakota. Sitting Bear died in the year 
1915. Before his death he bequeathed this suit to the museum of the 
State Historical Society of North Dakota. 

Minature Model of the Skin Boat 

(See Plate No. 5) 

This form of boat was used by all the tribes resident on the Missouri 
River, for the purpose of ferrying across streams their goods, their little 
children, their sick and old people. 

Tribes which used such boats were the Arikara ,the fvlandan, the 
^Hidatsa, the Dakota, the Ponka, the Omaha, the Oto, the Iowa, the Osage 
and the Missouri. 

Rope Braided from Buffalo Hair 

This specimen is from the Osage tribe. All the tribes in the Plains, 
the buflfalo country, used bufifalo hair in various ways. Such ropes as 
this were not for ordinary use but for ceremonial uses. For instance, 
when a bride was ceremoniously conveyed to her husband the horse on 
which she rode was led by a bufifalo hair rope. Dignity and worth and 
something of mystical quality attaches to the buflfalo and all the products 
of the bufifalo because of the many points of contact of the bufifalo with 
the life of the people of the Plains, furnishing as he did food, clothing, 
shelter, and many other needs. 

Invitation Sticks 

It was a custom among Indians of several different tribes, including 
Dakotas, for the Council, when they wished to have the benefit of advice 
in any matter under consideration, from men of recognized worth and 
wisdom, but who were not members of the body or order of Councillors, 
to invite such men to attend and speak in any particular meeting by send- 
ing a messenger to place one of these sticks in the ground at the door of 
his lodge. This constituted his invitation and summons, and incidentally 
he was expected to contribute to the feast which would be served at the 
close of the council. 

The world is indebted to aboriginal American (Indian) farmers for 
the following crops. 

1. Corn, in five types and innumerable varieties of these types. The 
five types are: Dent Corn, Flint Corn, Flour Corn, Pop Corn, and Sweet 
Corn. 



2. Beans, of all kinds except the white or "navy" bean. We brought 
the "navy" bean with us from Europe, but all others, including both pole 
and bush beans, are American. 

3. Pumpkins and squashes of all varieties. 

4. Gourds. 

5. Sunflowers. These are native and wild on the Plains and were re- 
duced to cultivation ages ago. From the American (Indian) tribes tame 
sunflowers were obtained and introduced into Europe. 

Mother Corn 
A Pawnee Hymn 

I 

Mother with the life-giving power now comes. 
Stepping out of far distant days she comes, 
Days wherein to our fathers gave she food; 
As to them, so now unto us she gives. 
Thus she will to our children faithful be. 
Mother with the life-giving power now comes! 

II 
Mother with the life-giving power is here. 
Stepping out of far distant days she comes. 
Now she forward moves, leading as we walk 
Toward the future, where blessings she will give, 
Gifts for which we have prayed granting to us. 
Mother with the life-giving power is here! 

Women's Tools 

Sledge hammer made of stone. A groove is pecked out of the ham- 
mer-head, then a handle is attached by wrapping with wet rawhide. When 
the rawhide dries it shrinks into the groove and holds the handle firm. 
These large hammers were used to break bones to get the marrow, to 
break ice, to drive tent-pegs, etc. 

Before Europeans came the American tribes had no iron implements. 
In the Plains region hoes were made from the shoulder blade of the elk 
or of the buffalo. The specimen of the Wooden Hoe in the museum is 
from Winnebago tribe. Iron was unknown to the American tribes before 
the white men came. Implements were made from bone, shell, wood, 
stone, etc. 

Porcupine Quill Decoration 

When we consider the hardships connected with the primitive life of 
the natives of North America, particularly the tribes of the great plains, 
it at first seems hardly possible that the woman should have had either 
the time or the inclination to devote to elaborate embroidery:nevertheless 
there is abundant evidence of the fact that many hours have been spent 
on a single object in the desire to give expression to esthetic concepts. 



Porcupine quill work is especially interesting by reason of the re- 
markably fine stitches employed and the ingenuity displayed in the 
manipulation of the quills to produce effective designs. Many specimens 
show such skill as to deserve to be included among the fine arts, where 
sewing and the selection of colors are important desiderata. 

The materials for embroidery with porcupine quills are, first, the 
quills themselves of the porcupine. These are sorted into four sizes by 
the worker according to the character of the piece of work in hand. 
Second, dyeing material; third, sinew used as thread; fourth, the tools, 
which were a pouch of bladder for holding the quills, a bone marker for 
tracing the designs, some awls, and a knife. 

The case containing this display at the museum of the State His- 
torical Society is designed to give some information in the fine art of em- 
broidery with porcupine quills. It contains a piece of the skin of the ani- 
mal, quills, sorted and dyed, details of technique, with map showing the 
habitat of the porcupine and the region outside the habitat of the animal 
in which the quills were used in decorative work. Samples of work in- 
clude a child's dress, moccasins, tobacco pouch, pipestems and many 
smaller articles. 

The Game of Double-Ball 

This is a game played by young women. It was common to many 
tribes in the Great Plains. The name of the game in the Omaha language 
is wabasnade. By the girls of that tribe it was played as follows: 

Two balls made of buckskin and filled with earth, grass, hair or fur, 
were joined by a thong. At each end of the playground were two hills 
of earth 12 or 15 feet apart. Each pair of hills was the base of one of the 
parties, and it was the aim of each party to pass the ball between their 
own pair of hills, as that would win the game. 

Each player has a small stick about 5 feet long, with which she tries 
to pick up the balls by thrusting the end of the stick under the thong 
which connects them. If she succeeds in this she tlirows the balls to- 
wards the goal of her party, and they are able to throw them far. Mem- 
bers of her own party try to catch the balls on their sticks and throw 
them still farther toward their goal, while members of the opposite party 
try to catch and throw it back toward their own goal. The bases or goals 
are from 900 to 1200 feet apart. 

Foot-Ball 

This is a game played by young women. Some tribes play it I)y let- 
ting the ball fall alternately on the foot or knee and then throwing it up 
and catching it, thus keeping it in motion for a length of time without 
letting it fall to the ground. 

Among other tribes the player stands on one foot and placing the 
ball on one toe kicks it up a few inches. As it falls she kicks it up again 
as many times as she can without letting it fall and without touching the 
foot to the ground. When this happens the ball passes to another player. 



The Library 



The library contains a remarkably well chosen collection of works 
on the early history of the Northwest, and on archaeological and ethno- 
ilogical subjects. It is much used by the students of the high school in 
their course of study. An expert from the U. S. Biological survey found 
here valuable material on the former range of certain indigenous animals. 
All the current newspapers of the state are on file in the library, and 
are consulted every day, sometimes by many inquirers. The bound 
volumes of back files of newspapers are often consulted for legal notices 
which are not to be found on record elsewhere in the state. Members of 
the legislature and other officers and employees of the state will find 
their home papers in our reading room. A list of all the state papers 
will be found at the end of this bulletin. 

The work of cataloguing has been going steadily on. Our own pub- 
lication. Collections of the State Historical Society, four volumes, have 
been analyzed, several hundred cards being made for each volume. The 
Record, an historical publication issued by Col. Lounsberry at Fargo, 
about twenty years ago has been thoroughly catalogued and has often 
proved a valuable asset in answering questions in regard to the early 
history of the state. Two hundred sixty new books and nearly 450 pam- 
phlets have been catalogued besides revising five or six himdred books 
previously catalogued. Our large exchange list has been revised and the 
books and pamphlets received from them catalogued. We have about 160 
exchanges, of which 16 are with foreign countries including the Royal 
Colonial Institute of London. There are 54 with learned societies and 
educational institutions, 27 of these are with colleges. There are 80 ex- 
changes with state institutions and 10 with individuals. We receive about 
600 publications including pamphlets from the exchanges in a year. 

The books although ouly partly catalogued have been arranged in 
groups. United States public documents by departments alphabetically: 
i. e., Agricultural Department, Civil Service Commission, Commerce De- 
partment, etc.; State publications by states alphabetically, and miscellan- 
eous books by themselves. 

The library has specialized in books dealing with the early history 
of the northwest, including the life of the Indians before the coming of 
the whites. In this collection much attention has been paid to Canadian 
history, to the fur trade and river navigation, and to early explorations 
and settlement. Among sets of works of special value are the Jesuit Re- 
lations, li volumes, Early Western Travels, 32 volumes, and the Origin- 
al Journal of Lewis and Clark, 8 volumes. The great plains country is a 
special topic of attention and all works dealing with this extensive re- 
gion, especially in the northern half, are added to the already rich collec- 
tion. It is realized that this entire group of states between the Missis- 
sippi river and the Rocky mountains is passing through a rapid evolution 
along social, economic, and political lines. It is the desire of the secre- 
tary of the society as well as of the librarian to preserve as far as pos- 
sible an intelligible record of this transition period which has already 
passed through the successive stages of the Indian period, the period of 



the hunter and trapper, and that of the rancher and is now well into the 
agricultural stage of progress. The library accumulates letters, diaries, 
and maps and makes transcripts of oral records as they are offered by old 
settlers. In the four volumes of the Collections already published there 
are recorded biographies or biographical notes covering the life and 
work of over 270 of the early pioneers and settlers of this state and ter- 
ritory. A very considerable body of manuscript covering every phase of 
pur early history is now awaiting publication in Volume V of the Col- 
lections. The complete history of two counties of the state, Cavalier and 
Traill, are partly completed and will be published in the near future. 





Plate No. 3 
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Aiikaia Woman Using- Hicle-Scrar>er 

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3477-125 
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